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Allopolyploids, formed by hybridization and chromosome doubling, face the immediate challenge of having duplicated nuclear genomes that interact with the haploid and maternally inherited cytoplasmic (plastid and mitochondrial) genomes. Most of our knowledge of the genomic consequences of allopolyploidy has focused on the fate of the duplicated nuclear genes without regard to their potential interactions with cytoplasmic genomes. As a step toward understanding the fates of nuclear-encoded subunits that are plastid-targeted, here we examine the retention and expression of the gene encoding the small subunit of Ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco;  rbcS ) in multiple populations of allotetraploid  Tragopogon miscellus  (Asteraceae). These polyploids formed recently (~80 years ago) and repeatedly from  T .  dubius  and  T .  pratensis  in the northwestern United States. Examination of 79  T .  miscellus  individuals from 10 natural populations, as well as 25 synthetic allotetraploids, including reciprocally formed plants, revealed a low percentage of naturally occurring individuals that show a bias in either gene (homeolog) loss (12%) or expression (16%), usually toward maintaining the maternal nuclear copy of  rbcS . For individuals showing loss, seven retained the maternally derived  rbcS  homeolog only, while three had the paternally derived copy. All of the synthetic polyploid individuals examined (S 0  and S 1  generations) retained and expressed both parental homeologs. These results demonstrate that cytonuclear coordination does not happen immediately upon polyploid formation in  Tragopogon miscellus .

Cytonuclear Coordination Is Not Immediate upon Allopolyploid Formation in Tragopogon miscellus (Asteraceae) Allopolyploids