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The friendship paradox is the phenomenon that in social networks, people onaverage have fewer friends than their friends do. The generalized friendshipparadox is an extension to attributes other than the number of friends. Thefriendship paradox and its generalized version have gathered recent attentiondue to the information they provide about network structure and localinequalities. In this paper, we propose several measures of nodal qualitieswhich capture different aspects of their activities and influence in onlinesocial networks. Using these measures we analyse the prevalence of thegeneralized friendship paradox over Twitter and we report high levels ofprevalence (up to over 90\% of nodes). We contend that this prevalence of thefriendship paradox and its generalized version arise because of thehierarchical nature of the connections in the network. This hierarchy is nestedas opposed to being star-like. We conclude that these paradoxes are collectivephenomena not created merely by a minority of well-connected or high-attributenodes. Moreover, our results show that a large fraction of individuals canexperience the generalized friendship paradox even in the absence of asignificant correlation between degrees and attributes.

Qualities and Inequalities in Online Social Networks through the Lens of the Generalized Friendship Paradox