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Background  Parasitic helminths need to suppress the host immune system to establish chronic infections. Paradoxically, immunosuppression induced by the worm also benefits the host by limiting excessive inflammation and tissue damage, which remains the major cause leading to serious morbidity and mortality. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are key immune regulators of this mutualism. The successive rise in Tregs during schistosome infection plays a critical role in immunoregulation. We and others previously showed that  Schistosoma japonicum  ( S .  japonicum ) egg antigens (SEA) induce Tregs both  in vitro  and  in vivo . In addition, we identified that SjHSP60 derived from SEA significantly induces Tregs  in vivo  and  in vitro . However, the contribution of SjHSP60 in SEA to Treg induction and the related mechanisms of the Treg induction have not yet been identified.    Methodology/Principal Findings  In this study, we showed that  S .  japonicum  stress protein HSP60 (SjHSP60) was constitutively and extensively expressed in eggs of  S .  japonicum . SjHSP60 specially induced Tregs  in vivo  and  in vitro  without inducing other CD4 +  T sub-populations including Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells. Furthermore, we showed that the SjHSP60-depleted SEA almost lost the ability  in vitro  and displayed a significant impaired ability to induce Tregs  in vivo . Finally, our study illustrated that the mechanisms of SjHSP60-mediated induction of Tregs are through both conversion of CD4 + CD25 -  T cells into CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 +  Tregs and expansion of preexisting CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 +  Tregs in a TLR4-dependent manner.    Conclusions/Significance  Collectively, our findings identify SjHSP60 as a major parasitic contributor of Treg induction in  S .  japonicum  egg antigens, which not only contributes to the better understanding of the mechanism of immunoregulation during helminth infection, but also suggests its potential as a therapeutic target for control of immunopathology, allergic and autoimmune diseases.

Heat Shock Protein 60 in Eggs Specifically Induces Tregs and Reduces Liver Immunopathology in Mice with Schistosomiasis Japonica