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Based on the notion that inflammation favors tumorigenesis, our experiments comparatively assessed the influence of acute and chronic inflammation on the development of a murine mammary tumor (4T1). In addition, we characterized angiogenic and inflammatory markers in the tumor tissue and systemically. Subcutaneous implantation of polyether-polyurethane sponge discs in Balb/c mice was used to host 4T1 tumor cells (1x10), which were inoculated intraimplant 24h or 10 days post implantation. Flow cytometric analysis of enzyme-digested implants revealed that, after 24 hours, the population of leukocytes was primarily characterized by neutrophils (42.53% +/8.45) andmonocytes (37.53% +/7.48), with some lymphocytes (16.27% +/4.0) and a few dendritic cells (1.82% +/0.36). At 10 days, macrophages were predominant (37.10% +/4.54), followed by lymphocytes (28.1% +/4.77), and monocytes (22.33% +/3.05), with some dendritic cells (13.60% +/0.55) and neutrophils (11.07% +/2.27). A mammary tumor grown in a chronic inflammatory environment was 2-fold when compared with one grown in acute inflammation and 5-fold when compared with tumor alone. The levels of pro-angiogenic cytokine (VEGF-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) were higher in implant-bearing tumor when 4T1 cells were grown in 10-day old implants as compared to the VEGF levels of the two other groups. Overall, the levels of the inflammatory markers evaluated (NAG -N-acetylglucosaminidase, TNF-α –Tumor Necrosis Factorα) were higher in both groups of implant-bearing tumors and in serum from those animals when compared with the tumor alone levels. This inflammation-related difference in tumor growth may provide new insights into the contribution of different inflammatory cell populations to cancer progression.

Correction: Differential Contribution of Acute and Chronic Inflammation to the Development of Murine Mammary 4T1 Tumors