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Studies of mammalian tissue culture cells indicate that the conserved and distinct NDR isoforms, NDR1 and NDR2, play essential cell biological roles. However, mice lacking either  Ndr1  or  Ndr2  alone develop normally. Here, we studied the physiological consequences of inactivating both NDR1 and NDR2 in mice, showing that the lack of both  Ndr1/Ndr2  (called  Ndr1/2 -double null mutants) causes embryonic lethality. In support of compensatory roles for NDR1 and NDR2, total protein and activating phosphorylation levels of the remaining NDR isoform were elevated in mice lacking either  Ndr1  or  Ndr2 . Mice retaining one single wild-type  Ndr  allele were viable and fertile.  Ndr1/2 -double null embryos displayed multiple phenotypes causing a developmental delay from embryonic day E8.5 onwards. While NDR kinases are not required for notochord formation, the somites of  Ndr1/2 -double null embryos were smaller, irregularly shaped and unevenly spaced along the anterior-posterior axis. Genes implicated in somitogenesis were down-regulated and the normally symmetric expression of  Lunatic fringe , a component of the Notch pathway, showed a left-right bias in the last forming somite in 50% of all  Ndr1/2 -double null embryos. In addition,  Ndr1/2 -double null embryos developed a heart defect that manifests itself as pericardial edemas, obstructed heart tubes and arrest of cardiac looping. The resulting cardiac insufficiency is the likely cause of the lethality of  Ndr1/2 -double null embryos around E10. Taken together, we show that NDR kinases compensate for each other  in vivo  in mouse embryos, explaining why mice deficient for either  Ndr1  or  Ndr2  are viable.  Ndr1/2 -double null embryos show defects in somitogenesis and cardiac looping, which reveals their essential functions and shows that the NDR kinases are critically required during the early phase of organogenesis.

NDR Kinases Are Essential for Somitogenesis and Cardiac Looping during Mouse Embryonic Development