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The cliff fern family Woodsiaceae has experienced frequent taxonomic changes at the familial and generic ranks since its establishment. The bulk of its species were placed in  Woodsia , while  Cheilanthopsis ,  Hymenocystis ,  Physematium , and  Protowoodsia  are segregates recognized by some authors. Phylogenetic relationships among the genera of Woodsiaceae remain unclear because of the extreme morphological diversity and inadequate taxon sampling in phylogenetic studies to date. In this study, we carry out comprehensive phylogenetic analyses of Woodsiaceae using molecular evidence from four chloroplast DNA markers ( atp A,  mat K,  rbc L and  trn L–F) and covering over half the currently recognized species. Our results show three main clades in Woodsiaceae corresponding to  Physematium  (clade I),  Cheilanthopsis – Protowoodsia  (clade II) and  Woodsia  s.s. (clade III). In the interest of preserving monophyly and taxonomic stability, a broadly defined  Woodsia  including the other segregates is proposed, which is characterized by the distinctive indument and inferior indusia. Therefore, we present a new subgeneric classification of the redefined  Woodsia  based on phylogenetic and ancestral state reconstructions to better reflect the morphological variation, geographic distribution pattern, and evolutionary history of the genus. Our analyses of the cytological character evolution support multiple aneuploidy events that have resulted in the reduction of chromosome base number from 41 to 33, 37, 38, 39 and 40 during the evolutionary history of the cliff ferns.

Molecular Phylogeny of the Cliff Ferns (Woodsiaceae: Polypodiales) with a Proposed Infrageneric Classification