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Members of the disintegrin metalloproteinase (ADAM) family have important functions in regulating cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions as well as cell signaling. There are two major types of ADAMs: the somatic ADAMs (sADAMs) that have a significant presence in somatic tissues, and the testicular ADAMs (tADAMs) that are expressed predominantly in the testis. Genes encoding tADAMs can be further divided into two groups: group I (intronless) and group II (intron-containing). To date,  tAdams  have only been reported in placental mammals, and their evolutionary origin and relationship to  sAdams  remain largely unknown. Using phylogenetic and syntenic tools, we analyzed the  Adam  genes in various vertebrates ranging from fishes to placental mammals. Our analyses reveal duplication and loss of some  sAdams  in certain vertebrate species. In particular, there exists an  Adam9-like  gene in non-mammalian vertebrates but not mammals. We also identified putative group I and group II  tAdams  in all amniote species that have been examined. These  tAdam  homologues are more closely related to  Adams 9  and  9-like  than to other  sAdams . In all amniote species examined, group II  tAdams  lie in close vicinity to  Adam9  and hence likely arose from tandem duplication, whereas group I  tAdams  likely originated through retroposition because of their lack of introns. Clusters of multiple group I  tAdams  are also common, suggesting tandem duplication after retroposition. Therefore,  Adam9/9-like  and some of the derived  tAdam  loci are likely preferred targets for tandem duplication and/or retroposition. Consistent with this hypothesis, we identified a young retroposed gene that duplicated recently from  Adam9  in the opossum. As a result of gene duplication, some  tAdams  were pseudogenized in certain species, whereas others acquired new expression patterns and functions. The rapid duplication of  Adam  genes has a major contribution to the diversity of ADAMs in various vertebrate species.

Evolution of Vertebrate Adam Genes; Duplication of Testicular Adams from Ancient Adam9/9-like Loci