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The ectoparasitic mite  Varroa destructor  is a major global threat to the Western honeybee  Apis mellifera . This mite was originally a parasite of  A .  cerana  in Asia but managed to spill over into colonies of  A .  mellifera  which had been introduced to this continent for honey production. To date, only two almost clonal types of  V .  destructor  from Korea and Japan have been detected in  A .  mellifera  colonies. However, since both  A .  mellifera  and  A .  cerana  colonies are kept in close proximity throughout Asia, not only new spill overs but also spill backs of highly virulent types may be possible, with unpredictable consequences for both honeybee species. We studied the dispersal and hybridisation potential of  Varroa  from sympatric colonies of the two hosts in Northern Vietnam and the Philippines using mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA markers. We found a very distinct mtDNA haplotype equally invading both  A .  mellifera  and  A .  cerana  in the Philippines. In contrast, we observed a complete reproductive isolation of various Vietnamese  Varroa  populations in  A .  mellifera  and  A .  cerana  colonies even if kept in the same apiaries. In light of this variance in host specificity, the adaptation of the mite to its hosts seems to have generated much more genetic diversity than previously recognised and the  Varroa  species complex may include substantial cryptic speciation.

Host Specificity in the Honeybee Parasitic Mite, Varroa spp. in Apis mellifera and Apis cerana