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At present, approximately 187 genera and over 1300 species of Microsporidia have been described, among which almost half infect aquatic species and approximately 50 genera potentially infect aquatic arthropods. Lake Baikal is the deepest and one of the oldest lakes in the world, and it has a rich endemic fauna with a predominance of arthropods. Among the arthropods living in this lake, amphipods ( Crustacea ) are the most dominant group and are represented by more than 350 endemic species. Baikalian amphipods inhabit almost all depths and all types of substrates. The age and geographical isolation of this group creates excellent opportunities for studying the diversity, evolution and genetics of host-parasite relationships. However, despite more than 150 years of study, data investigating the microsporidia of Lake Baikal remain incomplete. In this study, we used molecular genetic analyses to detect microsporidia in the hemolymph of several endemic species of amphipods from Lake Baikal. We provide the first evidence that microsporidian species belonging to three genera ( Microsporidium ,  Dictyocoela  and  Nosema ) are present in the hemolymph of Baikalian endemic amphipods. In the hemolymph of  Eulimnogammarus verrucosus , we detected SSU rDNA of microsporidia belonging to the genus Nozema. In the hemolymph of  Pallasea cancellous , we found the DNA of  Microsporidium sp . similar to that in other Baikalian endemic amphipods;  Dictyocoela sp . was found in the hemolymph of  Eulimnogammarus marituji  and  Acanthogammarus lappaceus longispinus .

Microsporidian Parasites Found in the Hemolymph of Four Baikalian Endemic Amphipods