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Xylella fastidiosa  causes bacterial leaf scorch in many landscape trees including elm, oak, sycamore and mulberry, but methods for specific identification of a particular tree host species-limited strain or differentiation of tree-specific strains are lacking. It is also unknown whether a particular landscape tree-infecting  X .  fastidiosa  strain is capable of infecting multiple landscape tree species in an urban environment. We developed two PCR primers specific for mulberry-infecting strains of  X .  fastidiosa  based on the nucleotide sequence of a unique open reading frame identified only in mulberry-infecting strains among all the North and South American strains of  X .  fastidiosa  sequenced to date. PCR using the primers allowed for detection and identification of mulberry-infecting  X .  fastidiosa  strains in cultures and in samples collected from naturally infected mulberry trees. In addition, no mixed infections with or non-specific detections of the mulberry-infecting strains of  X .  fastidiosa  were found in naturally  X .  fastidiosa -infected oak, elm and sycamore trees growing in the same region where naturally infected mulberry trees were grown. This genotype-specific PCR assay will be valuable for disease diagnosis, studies of strain-specific infections in insects and plant hosts, and management of diseases caused by  X .  fastidiosa . Unexpectedly but interestingly, the unique open reading frame conserved in the mulberry-infecting strains in the U. S. was also identified in the recently sequenced olive-associated strain CoDiRO isolated in Italy. When the primer set was tested against naturally infected olive plant samples collected in Italy, it allowed for detection of olive-associated strains of  X .  fastidiosa  in Italy. This PCR assay, therefore, will also be useful for detection and identification of the Italian group of  X .  fastidiosa  strains to aid understanding of the occurrence, evolution and biology of this new group of  X .  fastidiosa  strains.

plos one

Specific Detection and Identification of American Mulberry-Infecting and Italian Olive-Associated Strains of Xylella fastidiosa by Polymerase Chain Reaction