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The swimming crab  Portunus trituberculatus  is a commercially important crab species in East Asia countries. Gonadal development is a physiological process of great significance to the reproduction as well as commercial seed production for  P .  trituberculatus . However, little is currently known about the molecular mechanisms governing the developmental processes of gonads in this species. To open avenues of molecular research on  P .  trituberculatus  gonadal development, Illumina paired-end sequencing technology was employed to develop deep-coverage transcriptome sequencing data for its gonads. Illumina sequencing generated 58,429,148 and 70,474,978 high-quality reads from the ovary and testis cDNA library, respectively. All these reads were assembled into 54,960 unigenes with an average sequence length of 879 bp, of which 12,340 unigenes (22.45% of the total) matched sequences in GenBank non-redundant database. Based on our transcriptome analysis as well as published literature, a number of candidate genes potentially involved in the regulation of gonadal development of  P .  trituberculatus  were identified, such as  FAOMeT ,  mPRγ ,  PGMRC1 ,  PGDS ,  PGER4 ,  3β-HSD  and  17β-HSDs . Differential expression analysis generated 5,919 differentially expressed genes between ovary and testis, among which many genes related to gametogenesis and several genes previously reported to be critical in differentiation and development of gonads were found, including  Foxl2 ,  Wnt4 ,  Fst ,  Fem-1  and  Sox9 . Furthermore, 28,534 SSRs and 111,646 high-quality SNPs were identified in this transcriptome dataset. This work represents the first transcriptome analysis of  P .  trituberculatus  gonads using the next generation sequencing technology and provides a valuable dataset for understanding molecular mechanisms controlling development of gonads and facilitating future investigation of reproductive biology in this species. The molecular markers obtained in this study will provide a fundamental basis for population genetics and functional genomics in  P .  trituberculatus  and other closely related species.

De novo Transcriptome Analysis of Portunus trituberculatus Ovary and Testis by RNA-Seq: Identification of Genes Involved in Gonadal Development