English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have been demonstrated to be involved in fungal development, sexual reproduction, pathogenicity and/or virulence in many filamentous plant pathogenic fungi, but genes for MAPKs in the fungal cereal pathogen  Bipolaris sorokiniana  have not been characterized. In this study, orthologues of three MAPK genes ( CsSLT2 ,  CsHOG1  and  CsFUS3 ) and one MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK) gene ( CsSTE11)  were identified in the whole genome sequence of the  B .  sorokiniana  isolate ND90Pr, and knockout mutants were generated for each of them. The  ∆Csfus3  and  ∆Csste11  mutants were defective in conidiation and formation of appressoria-like structures, showed hypersensitivity to oxidative stress and lost pathogenicity on non-wounded leaves of barley cv. Bowman. When inoculated on wounded leaves of Bowman, the  ∆Csfus3  and  ∆Csste11  mutants were reduced in virulence compared to the wild type. No morphological changes were observed in the  ∆Cshog1  mutants in comparison with the wild type; however, they were slightly reduced in growth under oxidative stress and were hypersensitive to hyperosmotic stress. The  ∆Cshog1  mutants formed normal appressoria-like structures but were reduced in virulence when inoculated on Bowman leaves. The  ∆Csslt2  mutants produced more vegetative hyphae, had lighter pigmentation, were more sensitive to cell wall degrading enzymes, and were reduced in virulence on Bowman leaves, although they formed normal appressoria like the wild type. Root infection assays indicated that the  ∆Cshog1  and  ∆Csslt2  mutants were able to infect barley roots while the  ∆Csfus3  and  ∆Csste11  failed to cause any symptoms. However, no significant difference in virulence was observed for  ∆Cshog1  mutants while  ∆Csslt2  mutants showed significantly reduced virulence on barley roots in comparison with the wild type. Our results indicated that all of these MAPK and MAPKKK genes are involved in the regulation of fungal development under normal and stress conditions and required for full virulence on barley plants.

plos one

The Role of Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP) Kinase Signaling Components in the Fungal Development, Stress Response and Virulence of the Fungal Cereal Pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana