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Entorrhiza  is a small fungal genus comprising 14 species that all cause galls on roots of Cyperaceae and Juncaceae. Although this genus was established 130 years ago, crucial questions on the phylogenetic relationships and biology of this enigmatic taxon are still unanswered. In order to infer a robust hypothesis about the phylogenetic position of  Entorrhiza  and to evaluate evolutionary trends, multiple gene sequences and morphological characteristics of  Entorrhiza  were analyzed and compared with respective findings in Fungi. In our comprehensive five-gene analyses  Entorrhiza  appeared as a highly supported monophyletic lineage representing the sister group to the rest of the Dikarya, a phylogenetic placement that received but moderate maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony bootstrap support. An alternative maximum likelihood tree with the constraint that  Entorrhiza  forms a monophyletic group with Basidiomycota could not be rejected. According to the first phylogenetic hypothesis, the teliospore tetrads of  Entorrhiza  represent the prototype of the dikaryan meiosporangium. The alternative hypothesis is supported by similarities in septal pore structure, cell wall and spindle pole bodies. Based on the isolated phylogenetic position of  Entorrhiza  and its peculiar combination of features related to ultrastructure and reproduction mode, we propose a new phylum Entorrhizomycota, for the genus  Entorrhiza , which represents an apparently widespread group of inconspicuous fungi.

Entorrhizomycota: A New Fungal Phylum Reveals New Perspectives on the Evolution of Fungi