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Circadian clocks regulate many aspects of plant physiology and development that contribute to essential agronomic traits. Circadian clocks contain transcriptional feedback loops that are thought to generate circadian timing. There is considerable similarity in the genes that comprise the transcriptional and translational feedback loops of the circadian clock in the plant Kingdom. Functional characterisation of circadian clock genes has been restricted to a few model species. Here we provide a functional characterisation of the  Hordeum vulgare  (barley) circadian clock genes  Hv CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1  ( HvCCA1 ) and  Hv PHOTOPERIODH1 , which are respectively most similar to  Arabidopsis thaliana CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (AtCCA1)  and  PSEUDO RESPONSE REGULATOR 7 (AtPRR7) . This provides insight into the circadian regulation of one of the major crop species of Northern Europe. Through a combination of physiological assays of circadian rhythms in barley and heterologous expression in wild type and mutant strains of  A .  thaliana  we demonstrate that  HvCCA1  has a conserved function to  AtCCA1 . We find that  Hv PHOTOPERIOD H1  has  AtPRR7 -like functionality in  A .  thaliana  and that the effects of the  Hv photoperiod h1  mutation on photoperiodism and circadian rhythms are genetically separable.

Barley Hv CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 and Hv PHOTOPERIOD H1 Are Circadian Regulators That Can Affect Circadian Rhythms in Arabidopsis