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Herbicide efficacy is known to be influenced by temperature, however, underlying mechanism(s) are poorly understood. A marked alteration in mesotrione [a 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor] efficacy on Palmer amaranth ( Amaranthus palmeri  S. Watson) was observed when grown under low- (LT, 25/15°C, day/night temperatures) and high (HT, 40/30°C) temperature compared to optimum (OT, 32.5/22.5°C) temperature. Based on plant height, injury, and mortality, Palmer amaranth was more sensitive to mesotrione at LT and less sensitive at HT compared to OT (ED 50  for mortality; 18.5, 52.3, and 63.7 g ai ha -1 , respectively). Similar responses were observed for leaf chlorophyll index and photochemical efficiency of PSII ( F v /F m  ). Furthermore, mesotrione translocation and metabolism, and  HPPD  expression data strongly supported such variation. Relatively more mesotrione was translocated to meristematic regions at LT or OT than at HT. Based on T 50  values (time required to metabolize 50% of the  14 C mesotrione), plants at HT metabolized mesotrione faster than those at LT or OT (T 50 ; 13, 21, and 16.5 h, respectively). The relative  HPPD : CPS  (carbamoyl phosphate synthetase) or  HPPD : β -tubulin expression in mesotrione-treated plants increased over time in all temperature regimes; however, at 48 HAT, the  HPPD : β -tubulin expression was exceedingly higher at HT compared to LT or OT (18.4-, 3.1-, and 3.5-fold relative to untreated plants, respectively). These findings together with an integrated understanding of other interacting key environmental factors will have important implications for a predictable approach for effective weed management.

plos one

Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Differential Sensitivity of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) to Mesotrione at Varying Growth Temperatures