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Rice blast caused by  Magnaporthe oryzae  is the most devastating disease of rice and poses a serious threat to world food security. In this study, the distribution and effectiveness of 18  R  genes in 277 accessions were investigated based on pathogenicity assays and molecular markers. The results showed that most of the accessions exhibited some degree of resistance (resistance frequency, RF >50%). Accordingly, most of the accessions were observed to harbor two or more  R  genes, and the number of  R  genes harbored in accessions was significantly positively correlated with RF. Some  R  genes were demonstrated to be specifically distributed in the genomes of rice sub-species, such as  Pigm ,  Pi9 ,  Pi5  and  Pi1 , which were only detected in  indica -type accessions, and  Pik  and  Piz , which were just harbored in  japonica -type accessions. By analyzing the relationship between  R  genes and RF using a multiple stepwise regression model, the  R  genes  Pid3 ,  Pi5 ,  Pi9 ,  Pi54 ,  Pigm  and  Pit  were found to show the main effects against  M .  oryzae  in  indica -type accessions, while  Pita ,  Pb1 ,  Pik ,  Pizt  and  Pia  were indicated to exhibit the main effects against  M .  oryzae  in  japonica -type accessions. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis revealed that combination patterns of major  R  genes were the main factors determining the resistance of rice varieties to  M .  oryzae , such as ‘ Pi9 + Pi54 ’, ‘ Pid3 + Pigm ’, ‘ Pi5 + Pid3 + Pigm ’, ‘ Pi5 + Pi54 + Pid3 + Pigm ’, ‘ Pi5 + Pid3 ’ and ‘ Pi5 + Pit + Pid3 ’ in  indica -type accessions and ‘ Pik+Pib ’, ‘ Pik+Pita ’, ‘ Pik+Pb1 ’, ‘ Pizt+Pia ’ and ‘ Pizt+Pita ’ in  japonica -type accessions, which were able to confer effective resistance against  M .  oryzae . The above results provide good theoretical support for the rational utilization of combinations of major  R  genes in developing rice cultivars with broad-spectrum resistance.

Combination Patterns of Major R Genes Determine the Level of Resistance to the M. oryzae in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)