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The origin and evolution of novel biochemical functions remains one of the key questions in molecular evolution. We study recently emerged methacrylate reductase function that is thought to have emerged in the last century and reported in  Geobacter sulfurreducens  strain AM-1. We report the sequence and study the evolution of the operon coding for the flavin-containing methacrylate reductase (Mrd) and tetraheme cytochrome  с  (Mcc) in the genome of  G .  sulfurreducens  AM-1. Different types of signal peptides in functionally interlinked proteins Mrd and Mcc suggest a possible complex mechanism of biogenesis for chromoproteids of the methacrylate redox system. The homologs of the Mrd and Mcc sequence found in  δ-Proteobacteria  and  Deferribacteres  are also organized into an operon and their phylogenetic distribution suggested that these two genes tend to be horizontally transferred together. Specifically, the  mrd  and  mcc  genes from  G .  sulfurreducens  AM-1 are not monophyletic with any of the homologs found in other  Geobacter  genomes. The acquisition of methacrylate reductase function by  G .  sulfurreducens  AM-1 appears linked to a horizontal gene transfer event. However, the new function of the products of  mrd  and  mcc  may have evolved either prior or subsequent to their acquisition by  G .  sulfurreducens  AM-1.

Recent Origin of the Methacrylate Redox System in Geobacter sulfurreducens AM-1 through Horizontal Gene Transfer