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To study origin and evolutionary dynamics of tetraploid  Elymus trachycaulus  that has been cytologically defined as containing  StH  genomes, thirteen accessions of  E .  trachycaulus  were analyzed using two low-copy nuclear gene  Pepc  (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase) and  Rpb2  (the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II), and one chloroplast region  trnL–trnF  (spacer between the tRNA Leu (UAA) gene and the tRNA-Phe (GAA) gene). Our chloroplast data indicated that  Pseudoroegneria  ( St  genome) was the maternal donor of  E .  trachycaulus .  Rpb2  data indicated that the  St  genome in  E .  trachycaulus  was originated from either  P .  strigosa ,  P .  stipifolia ,  P .  spicata  or  P .  geniculate . The  Hordeum  ( H  genome)-like sequences of  E .  trachycaulus  are polyphyletic in the  Pepc  tree, suggesting that the  H  genome in  E .  trachycaulus  was contributed by multiple sources, whether due to multiple origins or introgression resulting from subsequent hybridization. Failure to recovering  St  copy of  Pepc  sequence in most accessions of  E .  trachycaulus  might be caused by genome convergent evolution in allopolyploids. Multiple copies of  H -like  Pepc  sequence from each accession with relative large deletions and insertions might be caused by either instability of  Pepc  sequence in  H - genome or incomplete concerted evolution. Our results highlighted complex evolutionary history of  E .  trachycaulus .

Origin and Reticulate Evolutionary Process of Wheatgrass Elymus trachycaulus (Triticeae: Poaceae)