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The blue-gum chalcid  Leptocybe invasa  Fisher & LaSalle (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a gall wasp pest of  Eucalyptus  species, likely native to Australia. Over the past 15 years it has invaded 39 countries on all continents where eucalypts are grown. The worldwide invasion of the blue gum chalcid was attributed to a single thelytokous morphospecies formally described in 2004. Subsequently, however, males have been recorded in several countries and the sex ratio of field populations has been found to be highly variable in different areas. In order to find an explanation for such sex ratio differences, populations of  L .  invasa  from a broad geographical area were screened for the symbionts currently known as reproductive manipulators, and both wasps and symbionts were genetically characterized using multiple genes. Molecular analyses suggested that  L .  invasa  is in fact a complex of two cryptic species involved in the rapid and efficient spread of the wasp, the first recovered from the Mediterranean region and South America, the latter from China. All screened specimens were infected by endosymbiotic bacteria belonging to the genus  Rickettsia . Two closely related  Rickettsia  strains were found, each infecting one of the two putative cryptic species of L.  invasa  and associated with different average sex ratios.  Rickettsia  were found to be localized in the female reproductive tissues and transovarially transmitted, suggesting a possible role of  Rickettsia  as the causal agent of thelytokous parthenogenesis in  L .  invasa . Implications for the variation of sex ratio and for the management of  L .  invasa  are discussed.

plos one

Genetic Diversity of the Invasive Gall Wasp Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and of its Rickettsia Endosymbiont, and Associated Sex-Ratio Differences