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The unparalleled biodiversity of Lake Tanganyika (Africa) has fascinated biologists for over a century; its unique cichlid communities are a preferred model for evolutionary research. Although species delineation is, in most cases, relatively straightforward, higher-order classifications were shown not to agree with monophyletic groups. Here, traditional morphological methods meet their limitations. A typical example are the tropheine cichlids currently belonging to  Simochromis  and  Pseudosimochromis . The affiliations of these widespread and abundant cichlids are poorly understood. Molecular work suggested that genus and species boundaries should be revised. Moreover, previous morphological results indicated that intraspecific variation should be considered to delineate species in Lake Tanganyika cichlids. We review the genera  Simochromis  and  Pseudosimochromis  using an integrative approach. Besides a morphometric study and a barcoding approach, monogenean  Cichlidogyrus  (Platyhelminthes: Ancyrocephalidae) gill parasites, often highly species-specific, are used as complementary markers. Six new species are described.  Cichlidogyrus raeymaekersi   sp. nov. ,  C .  muterezii   sp. nov.  and  C .  banyankimbonai   sp. nov.  infect  S .  diagramma .  Cichlidogyrus georgesmertensi   sp. nov.  was found on  S .  babaulti  and  S .  pleurospilus ,  C .  franswittei   sp. nov.  on both  S .  marginatus  and  P .  curvifrons  and  C .  frankwillemsi   sp. nov.  only on  P .  curvifrons . As relatedness between  Cichlidogyrus  species usually reflects relatedness between hosts, we considered  Simochromis  monotypic because the three  Cichlidogyrus  species found on  S .  diagramma  belonged to a different morphotype than those found on the other  Simochromis . The transfer of  S .  babaulti ,  S .  marginatus ,  S .  pleurospilus  and  S .  margaretae  to  Pseudosimochromis  was justified by the similarity of their  Cichlidogyrus  fauna and the intermediate morphology of  S .  margaretae . Finally parasite data also supported the synonymy between  S .  pleurospilus  and  S .  babaulti , a species that contains a large amount of geographical morphological variation.

Morphology, Molecules, and Monogenean Parasites: An Example of an Integrative Approach to Cichlid Biodiversity