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Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the primary target for organophosphates (OP). Several mutations have been reported in AChE to be associated with the reduced sensitivity against OP in various arthropods. However, to the best of our knowledge, no such reports are available for  Lepeophtheirus salmonis . Hence, in the present study, we aimed to determine the association of AChE(s) gene(s) with resistance against OP. We screened the AChE genes ( L .  salmonis ace1a  and  ace1b ) in two salmon lice populations: one sensitive (n=5) and the other resistant (n=5) for azamethiphos, a commonly used OP in salmon farming. The screening led to the identification of a missense mutation  Phe362Tyr  in  L .  salmonis ace1a , (corresponding to  Phe331  in  Torpedo californica  AChE) in all the samples of the resistant population. We confirmed the potential role of the mutation, with reduced sensitivity against azamethiphos in  L .  salmonis , by screening for  Phe362Tyr  in 2 sensitive and 5 resistant strains. The significantly higher frequency of the mutant allele ( 362Tyr ) in the resistant strains clearly indicated the possible association of  Phe362Tyr  mutation in  L .  salmonis ace1a  with resistance towards azamethiphos. The 3D modelling, short term survival experiments and enzymatic assays further supported the imperative role of  Phe362Tyr  in reduced sensitivity of  L .  salmonis  for azamethiphos. Based on all these observations, the present study, for the first time, presents the mechanism of resistance in  L .  salmonis  against azamethiphos. In addition, we developed a rapid diagnostic tool for the high throughput screening of  Phe362Tyr  mutation using High Resolution Melt analysis.

Mechanism behind Resistance against the Organophosphate Azamethiphos in Salmon Lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)