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Carnosic acid (CA) is a phenolic diterpene with anti-tumour, anti-diabetic, antibacterial and neuroprotective properties that is produced by a number of species from several genera of the  Lamiaceae  family, including  Salvia fruticosa  (Cretan sage) and  Rosmarinus officinalis  (Rosemary). To elucidate CA biosynthesis, glandular trichome transcriptome data of  S .  fruticosa  were mined for terpene synthase genes. Two putative diterpene synthase genes, namely  SfCPS  and  SfKSL , showing similarities to copalyl diphosphate synthase and kaurene synthase-like genes, respectively, were isolated and functionally characterized. Recombinant expression in  Escherichia coli  followed by  in vitro  enzyme activity assays confirmed that SfCPS is a copalyl diphosphate synthase. Coupling of SfCPS with SfKSL, both  in vitro  and in yeast, resulted in the synthesis miltiradiene, as confirmed by 1D and 2D NMR analyses ( 1 H,  13 C, DEPT, COSY H-H, HMQC and HMBC). Coupled transient  in vivo  assays of  SfCPS  and  SfKSL  in  Nicotiana benthamiana  further confirmed production of miltiradiene  in planta . To elucidate the subsequent biosynthetic step, RNA-Seq data of  S .  fruticosa  and  R .  officinalis  were searched for cytochrome P450 (CYP) encoding genes potentially involved in the synthesis of the first phenolic compound in the CA pathway, ferruginol. Three candidate genes were selected,  SfFS ,  RoFS1  and  RoFS2 . Using yeast and  N .  benthamiana  expression systems, all three where confirmed to be coding for ferruginol synthases, thus revealing the enzymatic activities responsible for the first three steps leading to CA in two  Lamiaceae  genera.

plos one

Towards Elucidating Carnosic Acid Biosynthesis in Lamiaceae: Functional Characterization of the Three First Steps of the Pathway in Salvia fruticosa and Rosmarinus officinalis