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Structural diversity formed by dense, floating  Stratiotes aloides  stands, generates hotspots of biodiversity of flora and fauna in wetlands. However, only part of the populations become emergent and provide this important facilitation. Since it has been hypothesised that its buoyancy depends on the rates of underwater photosynthesis, we investigated the role of dissolved CO 2  availability and PAR on photosynthesis, biomass production and buoyancy in a controlled greenhouse experiment. Photosynthesis and growth were strongly influenced by both PAR and CO 2  availability. At low PAR, plants formed less biomass and produced no emergent leaves, even when CO 2  was abundant. At low CO 2  levels,  S .  aloides  switched to HCO 3   -  use, resulting in a lower photosynthetic O 2  production, decreased emergent leaf formation and increased CaCO 3  precipitation on its leaves, all of which impaired buoyancy. At high PAR, low CO 2  availability resulted in slower colonisation of the water layer, whereas CO 2  availability did not influence PAR-limited plants. Our study shows that site conditions, rather than the sole abundance of potentially facilitating species, may strongly determine whether or not they form the structure necessary to act as a facilitator for biodiversity in aquatic environments.

To Float or Not to Float: How Interactions between Light and Dissolved Inorganic Carbon Species Determine the Buoyancy of Stratiotes aloides