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In addition to its obligatory symbiont  Buchnera aphidicola , the pea aphid  Acyrthosiphon pisum  can harbor several facultative bacterial symbionts which can be mutualistic in the context of various ecological interactions. Belonging to a genus where many members have been described as pathogen in invertebrates,  Serratia symbiotica  is one of the most common facultative partners found in aphids. The recent discovery of strains able to grow outside their host allowed us to simulate environmental acquisition of symbiotic bacteria by aphids. Here, we performed an experiment to characterize the  A .  pisum  response to the ingestion of the free-living  S .  symbiotica  CWBI-2.3 T  in comparison to the ingestion of the pathogenic  Serratia marcescens  Db11 at the early steps in the infection process. We found that, while  S .  marcescens  Db11 killed the aphids within a few days,  S .  symbiotica  CWBI-2.3 T  did not affect host survival and colonized the whole digestive tract within a few days. Gene expression analysis of immune genes suggests that  S .  symbiotica  CWBI-2.3 T  did not trigger an immune reaction, while  S .  marcescens  Db11 did, and supports the hypothesis of a fine-tuning of the host immune response set-up for fighting pathogens while maintaining mutualistic partners. Our results also suggest that the lysosomal system and the JNK pathway are possibly involved in the regulation of invasive bacteria in aphids and that the activation of the JNK pathway is IMD-independent in the pea aphid.

Infection Dynamic of Symbiotic Bacteria in the Pea Aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum Gut and Host Immune Response at the Early Steps in the Infection Process