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This study analyzes rates and ways of data sharing regarding mitochondrial, Ychromosomal and autosomal polymorphisms in a total of 162 papers on humanancient DNA published between 1988 and 2013. For the most part, data areavailable in such a way as to make their scrutiny and reuse possible. Theestimated sharing rate is not far from totality (97.6% +/- 2.1%) andsubstantially higher than observed in other fields of genetic research(Evolutionary, Medical and Forensic Genetics). A questionnaire-based surveysuggests that the authors awareness of the importance of openness andtransparency for scientific progress is a fundamental factor for theachievement of such a high sharing rate. Most data were made available throughbody text, but the use of primary databases increased with the application ofcomplete mitochondrial and next generation sequencing methods. Our studyhighlights three important aspects. First, we provide evidence that researchersmotivations are as necessary as stakeholders policies and norms to achieve veryhigh sharing rates. Second, careful analyses of the ways in which data are madeavailable are an important first step to maximize data findability,accessibility, useability and preservation. Third and finally, the case ofhuman ancient DNA studies demonstrates how Open Science can foster scientificadvancements, showing that openness and transparency can help build rigorousand reliable scientific practices even in the presence of complex experimentalchallenges.

When data sharing gets close to 100%: what ancient human DNA studies can teach the Open Science movement