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Background  The AP2/ERF family includes a large number of developmentally and physiologically important transcription factors sharing an AP2 DNA-binding domain. Among them  DREB1/CBF  and  DREB2  factors are known as master regulators respectively of cold and heat/osmotic stress responses.    Experimental Approaches  The manual annotation of AP2/ERF family from  Eucalyptus grandis ,  Malus ,  Populus  and  Vitis  genomes allowed a complete phylogenetic study for comparing the structure of this family in woody species and the model  Arabidopsis thaliana . Expression profiles of the whole groups of  EgrDREB1  and  EgrDREB2  were investigated through RNAseq database survey and RT-qPCR analyses.    Results  The structure and the size of the AP2/ERF family show a global conservation for the plant species under comparison. In addition to an expansion of the ERF subfamily, the tree genomes mainly differ with respect to the group representation within the subfamilies. With regard to the  E .  grandis DREB  subfamily, an obvious feature is the presence of 17  DREB1/CBF  genes, the maximum reported to date for dicotyledons. In contrast, only six  DREB2  have been identified, which is similar to the other plants species under study, except for  Malus . All the  DREB1/CBF  and  DREB2  genes from  E .  grandis  are expressed in at least one condition and all are heat-responsive. Regulation by cold and drought depends on the genes but is not specific of one group; DREB1/CBF group is more cold-inducible than DREB2 which is mainly drought responsive.    Conclusion  These features suggest that the dramatic expansion of the  DREB1/CBF  group might be related to the adaptation of this evergreen tree to climate changes when it expanded in Australia.

Genome-Wide Analysis of the AP2/ERF Family in Eucalyptus grandis: An Intriguing Over-Representation of Stress-Responsive DREB1/CBF Genes