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Pneumocystis  fungi represent a highly diversified biological group with numerous species, which display a strong host-specificity suggesting a long co-speciation process. In the present study, the presence and genetic diversity of  Pneumocystis  organisms was investigated in 203 lung samples from woodmice ( Apodemus sylvaticus ) collected on western continental Europe and Mediterranean islands. The presence of  Pneumocystis  DNA was assessed by nested PCR at both large and small mitochondrial subunit (mtLSU and mtSSU) rRNA loci. Direct sequencing of nested PCR products demonstrated a very high variability among woodmouse-derived  Pneumocystis  organisms with a total number of 30 distinct combined mtLSU and mtSSU sequence types. However, the genetic divergence among these sequence types was very low (up to 3.87%) and the presence of several  Pneumocystis  species within  Apodemus sylvaticus  was considered unlikely. The analysis of the genetic structure of woodmouse-derived  Pneumocystis  revealed two distinct groups. The first one comprised  Pneumocystis  from woodmice collected in continental Spain, France and Balearic islands. The second one included  Pneumocystis  from woodmice collected in continental Italy, Corsica and Sicily. These two genetic groups were in accordance with the two lineages currently described within the host species  Apodemus sylvaticus .  Pneumocystis  organisms are emerging as powerful tools for phylogeographic studies in mammals.

plos one

What Do Pneumocystis Organisms Tell Us about the Phylogeography of Their Hosts? The Case of the Woodmouse Apodemus sylvaticus in Continental Europe and Western Mediterranean Islands