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Strain superinfection occurs when a second strain infects a host already infected with and having mounted an immune response to a primary strain. The incidence of superinfection with  Anaplasma marginale , a tick-borne rickettsial pathogen of domestic and wild ruminants, has been shown to be higher in tropical versus temperate regions. This has been attributed to the higher prevalence of infection, with consequent immunity against primary strains and thus greater selective pressure for superinfection with antigenically distinct strains. However an alternative explanation would be the differences in the transmitting vector,  Dermacentor andersoni  in the studied temperate regions and  Rhipicephalus microplus  in the studied tropical regions. To address this question, we examined two tropical populations sharing the same vector,  R .  microplus , but with significantly different infection prevalence. Using two separate markers,  msp1α  (one allele per genome) and  msp2  (multiple alleles per genome), there were higher levels of multiple strain infections in the high infection prevalence as compared to the low prevalence population. The association of higher strain diversity with infection prevalence supports the hypothesis that high levels of infection prevalence and consequent population immunity is the predominant driver of strain superinfection.

Association of Anaplasma marginale Strain Superinfection with Infection Prevalence within Tropical Regions