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Background  Epidemiological studies have reported inconsistent association between obesity and risk of bladder cancer, and the dose-response relationship between them has not been clearly defined.    Methods  We carried out a meta-analysis to summarize available evidence from epidemiological studies on this point. Relevant articles were identified by searching the PubMed and Web of Science databases through September 30, 2014. We pooled the relative risks from individual studies using random-effect model, and the dose—response relationship was estimated by using restricted cubic spline model.    Results  Fifteen cohort studies with 38,072 bladder cancer cases among 14,201,500 participants were included. Compared to normal weight, the pooled relative risks and corresponding 95% confidence intervals of bladder cancer were 1.07(1.01-1.14) and 1.10(1.06-1.14) for preobese and obesity, with moderate ( I 2   = 37.6%,  P  = 0.029) and low ( I 2   = 15.5%,  P  = 0.241) heterogeneities between studies, respectively. In a dose-response meta-analysis, body mass index (BMI) was associated with bladder cancer risk in a linear fashion ( P   non-linearity  = 0.467) and the risk increased by 4.2% for each 5 kg/m 2  increase. No significant publication bias was found ( P  = 0.912 for Begg’s test,  P  = 0.712 for Egger’s test).    Conclusions  Findings from this dose-response meta-analysis suggest obesity is associated with linear-increased risk of bladder cancer.

Obesity and Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of 15 Cohort Studies