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Leishmaniasis is a vector borne disease caused by protozoa of the genus  Leishmania . Human leishmaniasis is not endemic in Australia though imported cases are regularly encountered. This study aimed to provide an update on the molecular epidemiology of imported leishmaniasis in Australia. Of a total of 206 biopsies and bone marrow specimens submitted to St Vincent’s Hospital Sydney for leishmaniasis diagnosis by PCR, 55 were found to be positive for  Leishmania  DNA. All PCR products were subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for identification of the causative species. Five  Leishmania  species/species complexes were identified with  Leishmania tropica  being the most common (30/55). Travel or prior residence in a  Leishmania  endemic region was the most common route of acquisition with ~47% of patients having lived in or travelled to Afghanistan. Cutaneous leishmaniasis was the most common manifestation (94%) with only 3 cases of visceral leishmaniasis and no cases of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis encountered. This report indicates that imported leishmaniasis is becoming increasingly common in Australia due to an increase in global travel and immigration. As such, Australian clinicians must be made aware of this trend and consider leishmaniasis in patients with suspicious symptoms and a history of travel in endemic areas. This study also discusses the recent identification of a unique  Leishmania  species found in native kangaroos and a potential vector host which could create the opportunity for the establishment of a local transmission cycle within humans.

Molecular Epidemiology of Imported Cases of Leishmaniasis in Australia from 2008 to 2014