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Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans are ubiquitous components of the extracellular matrix and plasma membrane of metazoans. The sulfation pattern of the HS glycosaminoglycan chain is characteristic for each tissue and changes during development. The glucosaminyl  N -deacetylase/ N -sulfotransferase (NDST) enzymes catalyze  N -deacetylation and  N -sulfation during HS biosynthesis and have a key role in designing the sulfation pattern. We here report on the presence of five NDST genes in zebrafish. Zebrafish  ndst1a ,  ndst1b ,  ndst2a  and  ndst2b  represent duplicated mammalian orthologues of  NDST1  and  NDST2  that arose through teleost specific genome duplication. Interestingly, the single zebrafish orthologue  ndst3 , is equally similar to tetrapod  Ndst3  and  Ndst4 . It is likely that a local duplication in the common ancestor of lobe-finned fish and tetrapods gave rise to these two genes. All zebrafish Ndst genes showed distinct but partially overlapping expression patterns during embryonic development. Morpholino knockdown of  ndst1b  resulted in delayed development, craniofacial cartilage abnormalities, shortened body and pectoral fin length, resembling some of the features of the  Ndst1  mouse knockout.

The Ndst Gene Family in Zebrafish: Role of Ndst1b in Pharyngeal Arch Formation