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Background  Microbiota of  Anopheles  midgut can modulate vector immunity and block  Plasmodium  development. Investigation on the bacterial biodiversity in  Anopheles , and specifically on the identification of bacteria that might be used in malaria transmission blocking approaches, has been mainly conducted on malaria vectors of Africa. Vietnam is an endemic country for both malaria and Bancroftian filariasis whose parasitic agents can be transmitted by the same  Anopheles  species. No information on the microbiota of  Anopheles  mosquitoes in Vietnam was available previous to this study.    Method  The culture dependent approach, using different mediums, and culture independent (16S rRNA PCR – TTGE) method were used to investigate the bacterial biodiversity in the abdomen of 5  Anopheles  species collected from Dak Nong Province, central-south Vietnam. Molecular methods, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were used to characterize the microbiota.    Results and Discussion  The microbiota in wild-caught  Anopheles  was diverse with the presence of 47 bacterial OTUs belonging to 30 genera, including bacterial genera impacting  Plasmodium  development. The bacteria were affiliated with 4 phyla,  Actinobacteria ,  Bacteroidetes ,  Firmicutes  and  Proteobacteria , the latter being the dominant phylum. Four bacterial genera are newly described in  Anopheles  mosquitoes including  Coxiella ,  Yersinia ,  Xanthomonas , and  Knoellia . The bacterial diversity per specimen was low ranging from 1 to 4. The results show the importance of pairing culture and fingerprint methods to better screen the bacterial community in  Anopheles  mosquitoes.    Conclusion  Sampled  Anopheles  species from central-south Vietnam contained a diverse bacterial microbiota that needs to be investigated further in order to develop new malaria control approaches. The combination of both culture and DNA fingerprint methods allowed a thorough and complementary screening of the bacterial community in  Anopheles  mosquitoes.

Bacterial Diversity Associated with Wild Caught Anopheles Mosquitoes from Dak Nong Province, Vietnam Using Culture and DNA Fingerprint