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Fatty acid- and retinoid-binding protein (FAR) is a nematode-specific protein expressed in the nematode hypodermis. It is involved in nematode development, reproduction, and infection and can disrupt the plant defense reaction. In this study, we obtained the full-length sequence of the  far  gene from  Radopholus similis  ( Rs-far-1 ), which is 828 bp long and includes a 558 bp ORF encoding 186 amino acids. A protein homology analysis revealed that  Rs -FAR-1 is 75% similar to  Mj -FAR-1 from  Meloidogyne javanica . A neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree was inferred and showed that  Rs -FAR-1 is most similar to  Pv -FAR-1 from  Pratylenchus vulnus . A fluorescence-based ligand-binding analysis confirmed that  Rs -FAR-1 can combine with fatty acids and retinol. qPCR was used to assess  Rs-far-1  expression levels at different developmental stages in different  R .  similis  populations, and its expression was 2.5 times greater in the highly pathogenic  Rs -C population than in the less pathogenic  Rs -P population. The highest expression was found in females, followed by eggs, juveniles and males. When  R .  similis  was treated with  Rs-far-1  dsRNA for 36 h, the reproduction and pathogenicity decreased significantly.  In situ  hybridization revealed  Rs-far-1  transcripts in the  R .  similis  hypodermis. Additionally,  R .  similis  treated with  Rs-far-1  dsRNA or water were inoculated into  Arabidopsis thaliana . Allene oxide synthase (AOS) expression in  A .  thaliana  was upregulated during early infection in both treatments and then returned to the expression levels of the control plant. Compared with the control plant, AOS expression significantly decreased in  A .  thaliana  inoculated with water-treated  R .  similis  but significantly increased in  A .  thaliana  inoculated with  Rs-far-1  dsRNA-treated  R .  similis . This finding indicates that  Rs-far-1  regulates AOS expression in  A .  thaliana .  Rs -FAR-1 plays a critical role in  R .  similis  development, reproduction, and infection and can disturb the plant defense reaction. Therefore,  Rs-far-1  is an important target gene to control  R .  similis .

plos one

Molecular Identification and Functional Characterization of the Fatty Acid- and Retinoid-Binding Protein Gene Rs-far-1 in the Burrowing Nematode Radopholus similis (Tylenchida: Pratylenchidae)