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Giardia  and  Cryptosporidium  are important causes of diarrhoea in Bangladesh. The high prevalence of both parasites in humans and cattle in rural Bangladesh and the common use of water ponds by village inhabitants and their animals suggest a potential for zoonotic transmission. Direct transmission of  Giardia  and  Cryptosporidium  between cattle and their handlers and indirect transmission through water ponds was investigated. Faecal/stool samples were collected from 623 calves and 125 calf handlers in a cross-sectional survey. In two villages, water samples were collected monthly from water ponds and faecal/stool samples were collected monthly from inhabitants and their cattle.  Giardia  cysts and  Cryptosporidium  oocysts were detected in water samples and in faecal/stool samples and positive samples were genotyped, to determine their human or animal origin. The prevalence of  Giardia  and  Cryptosporidium  in calves was 22% and 5% respectively. In calf handlers, the prevalence of  Giardia  and  Cryptosporidium  was 11.2% and 3.2% respectively. Both in the cross-sectional survey and in the longitudinal study in the villages,  G. duodenalis  assemblage E was most prevalent in calves, while in humans assemblage AII, BIII and BIV were found. In cattle,  Cryptosporidium parvum ,  C. bovis  and  C. andersoni  were identified, but no  Cryptosporidium  sequences were obtained from humans.  Giardia  and  Cryptosporidium  were detected in 14/24 and 12/24 water samples respectively.  G. duodenalis  assemblage E and BIV (-like), as well as  C. andersoni  and  C. hominis  were identified. Although the presence of  Giardia  and  Cryptosporidium  in both water ponds suggests that water-borne transmission of  Giardia  and  Cryptosporidium  is possible, the genotyping results indicate that there is no significant direct or indirect (water-borne) transmission of  Giardia  between cattle and people in this area of rural Bangladesh. No conclusions could be drawn for  Cryptosporidium , because of the low number of sequences that were obtained from human and water samples.

Assessment of Zoonotic Transmission of Giardia and Cryptosporidium between Cattle and Humans in Rural Villages in Bangladesh