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Listeria monocytogenes  is a gram-positive bacteria and human pathogen widely used in cancer immunotherapy because of its capacity to induce a specific cytotoxic T cell response in tumours. This bacterial pathogen strongly induces innate and specific immunity with the potential to overcome tumour induced tolerance and weak immunogenicity. Here, we propose a  Listeria  based vaccination for melanoma based in its tropism for these tumour cells and its ability to transform  in vitro  and  in vivo  melanoma cells into matured and activated dendritic cells with competent microbicidal and antigen processing abilities. This  Listeria  based vaccination using low doses of the pathogen caused melanoma regression by apoptosis as well as bacterial clearance. Vaccination efficacy is LLO dependent and implies the reduction of LLO-specific CD4 +  T cell responses, strong stimulation of innate pro-inflammatory immune cells and a prevalence of LLO-specific CD8 +  T cells involved in tumour regression and  Listeria  elimination. These results support the use of low doses of pathogenic  Listeria  as safe melanoma therapeutic vaccines that do not require antibiotics for bacterial removal.

A Novel Therapy for Melanoma Developed in Mice: Transformation of Melanoma into Dendritic Cells with Listeria monocytogenes