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The evolution of animals involved acquisition of an emergent gene repertoirefor gastrulation. Whether loss of genes also co-evolved with this developmentalreprogramming has not yet been addressed. Here, we identify twenty-four geneticfunctions that are retained in fungi and choanoflagellates but undetectable inanimals. These lost genes encode: (i) sixteen distinct biosynthetic functions;(ii) the two ancestral eukaryotic ClpB disaggregases, Hsp78 and Hsp104, whichfunction in the mitochondria and cytosol, respectively; and (iii) six otherassorted functions. We present computational and experimental data that areconsistent with a joint function for the differentially localized ClpBdisaggregases, and with the possibility of a shared client/chaperonerelationship between the mitochondrial Fe/S homoaconitase encoded by the lostLYS4 gene and the two ClpBs. Our analyses lead to the hypothesis that theevolution of gastrulation-based multicellularity in animals led to efficientextraction of nutrients from dietary sources, loss of natural selection formaintenance of energetically expensive biosynthetic pathways, and subsequentloss of their attendant ClpB chaperones.

Metabolic and Chaperone Gene Loss Marks the Origin of Animals: Evidence for Hsp104 and Hsp78 Sharing Mitochondrial Clients