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A smart-card-based user authentication scheme for wireless sensor networks(hereafter referred to as a SCA-WSN scheme) is designed to ensure that onlyusers who possess both a smart card and the corresponding password are allowedto gain access to sensor data and their transmissions. Despite many researchefforts in recent years, it remains a challenging task to design an efficientSCA-WSN scheme that achieves user anonymity. The majority of published SCA-WSNschemes use only lightweight cryptographic techniques (rather than public-keycryptographic techniques) for the sake of efficiency, and have beendemonstrated to suffer from the inability to provide user anonymity. Someschemes employ elliptic curve cryptography for better security but requiresensors with strict resource constraints to perform computationally expensivescalar-point multiplications; despite the increased computational requirements,these schemes do not provide user anonymity. In this paper, we present a newSCA-WSN scheme that not only achieves user anonymity but also is efficient interms of the computation loads for sensors. Our scheme employs elliptic curvecryptography but restricts its use only to anonymous user-to-gatewayauthentication, thereby allowing sensors to perform only lightweightcryptographic operations. Our scheme also enjoys provable security in a formalmodel extended from the widely accepted Bellare-Pointcheval-Rogaway (2000)model to capture the user anonymity property and various SCA-WSN specificattacks (e.g., stolen smart card attacks, node capture attacks, privilegedinsider attacks, and stolen verifier attacks).

Efficient and Anonymous Two-Factor User Authentication in Wireless Sensor Networks: Achieving User Anonymity with Lightweight Sensor Computation