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High rate of fetal mortality in ruminant somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) pregnancies is due, at least in part, to immune-mediated abortion of fetuses. In the present study, goat uterine leukocytes were isolated by  Dolichos biflorus  agglutinin (DBA) coated magnetic beads, and with majority being were CD56 + CD16 -  in phenotype with low levels of perforin and Granzyme B expression. The responses of the isolated cells to SCNT and  in vitro  fertilization (IVF) embryos conditioned mediums containing hormone steroids were compared by measuring their phenotype and cytokines expression. The results showed there was a 2-fold increase in the numbers of isolated uterine leukocytes after incubation with different conditioned mediums for 120 h. However, significantly lower percentage and absolute numbers of uterine CD56 + CD16 -  leukocytes incubated with SCNT conditioned mediums were detected as compared with those incubated with IVF conditioned mediums (P < 0.05). The group treated with progesterone (P 4 ) or the combination of P 4  and 17β-estradiol (E 2 ) were associated with significantly higher percentage and absolute numbers of CD56 + CD16 -  cells as compared with those treated with E 2  alone (P < 0.05). Furthermore, in the presence of steroids, the isolated leukocytes incubated with SCNT conditioned mediums associated with greater levels of IFN-γ secretion and expression, as well as lesser levels of VEGF, as compared with those treated with IVF conditioned mediums (P < 0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that SCNT embryos have a profound effect on the phenotype expression of goat uterine DBA +  leukocytes, as well as the secretion and expression of IFN-γ and VEGF by these cells  in vitro .

Goat Uterine DBA+ Leukocytes Differentiation and Cytokines Expression Respond Differently to Cloned versus Fertilized Embryos