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Linnaeoideae is a small subfamily of erect or creeping shrubs to small trees in Caprifoliaceae that exhibits a wide disjunct distribution in Eurasia, North America and Mexico. Most taxa of the subfamily occur in eastern Asia and Mexico but the monospecific genus  Linnaea  has a circumboreal to north temperate distribution. In this study, we conducted phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses for Linnaeoideae and its close relatives based on sequences of the nuclear ribosomal ITS and nine plastid ( rbc L,  trn S-G,  mat K,  trn L-F,  ndh A,  trn D- psb M,  pet B-D,  trn L- rpl 32 and  trn H- psb A) markers. Our results support that Linnaeoideae is monophyletic, consisting of four eastern Asian lineages ( Abelia ,  Diabelia ,  Dipelta  and  Kolkwitzia ), the Mexican  Vesalea , and  Linnaea . The Mexican  Vesalea  was formerly placed in  Abelia , but it did not form a clade with the eastern Asian  Abelia ; instead  Vesalea  and  Linnaea  are sisters. The divergence time between the eastern Asian lineages and the Mexican  Vesalea  plus the  Linnaea  clade was dated to be 50.86 Ma, with a 95% highest posterior density of 42.8 Ma (middle Eocene) to 60.19 Ma (early Paleocene) using the Bayesian relaxed clock estimation. Reconstructed ancestral areas indicated that the common ancestor of  Linnaea  plus  Vesalea  may have been widespread in eastern Asia and Mexico or originated in eastern Asia during the Eocene and likely migrated across continents in the Northern Hemisphere via the North Atlantic Land Bridges or the Bering Land Bridge. The Qinling Mountains of eastern Asia are the modern-day center of diversity of  Kolkwitzia-Dipelta-Diabelia  clade. The  Diabelia clade became highly diversified in Japan and eastern China. Populations of  Diabelia serrata  in Japan and eastern China were found to be genetically identical in this study, suggesting a recent disjunction across the East China Sea, following the last glacial event.

plos one

Molecular Phylogeny and Biogeographic Diversification of Linnaeoideae (Caprifoliaceae s. l.) Disjunctly Distributed in Eurasia, North America and Mexico