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Papaya ( Carica papaya  L.) is sensitive to low temperature and easy to be subjected to chilling injury, which causes fruit ripening disorder. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the expression of genes related to ethylene and fruit ripening disorder caused by chilling injury. Papaya fruits were firstly stored at 7°C and 12°C for 25 and 30 days, respectively, then treated with exogenous ethylene and followed by ripening at 25°C for 5 days. Chilling injury symptoms such as pulp water soaking were observed in fruit stored at 7°C on 20 days, whereas the coloration and softening were completely blocked after 25 days, Large differences in the changes in the expression levels of twenty two genes involved in ethylene were seen during 7°C-storage with chilling injury. Those genes with altered expression could be divided into three groups: the group of genes that were up-regulated, including  ACS1/2/3 ,  EIN2 ,  EIN3s/EIL1 ,  CTR1/2/3 , and  ERF1/3/4 ; the group of genes that were down-regulated, including  ACO3 ,  ETR1 ,  CTR4 ,  EBF2 , and  ERF2 ; and the group of genes that were un-regulated, including  ACO1/2 ,  ERS , and  EBF1 . The results also showed that pulp firmness had a significantly positive correlation with the expression of  ACS2 ,  ACO1 ,  CTR1/4 ,  EIN3a/b , and  EBF1/2  in fruit without chilling injury. This positive correlation was changed to negative one in fruit after storage at 7°C for 25 days with chilling injury. The coloring index displayed significantly negative correlations with the expression levels of  ACS2 ,  ACO1/2 ,  CTR4 ,  EIN3a/b ,  ERF3  in fruit without chilling injury, but these correlations were changed into the positive ones in fruit after storage at 7°C for 25 days with chilling injury. All together, these results indicate that these genes may play important roles in the abnormal softening and coloration with chilling injury in papaya.

The Relationship between the Expression of Ethylene-Related Genes and Papaya Fruit Ripening Disorder Caused by Chilling Injury