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Housaku Monogatari (HM) is a plant activator prepared from a yeast cell wall extract. We examined the efficacy of HM application and observed that HM treatment increased the resistance of  Arabidopsis thaliana  and  Brassica rapa  leaves to bacterial and fungal infections. HM reduced the severity of bacterial leaf spot and anthracnose on  A. thaliana  and  Brassica  crop leaves with protective effects. In addition, gene expression analysis of  A. thaliana  plants after treatment with HM indicated increased expression of several plant defense-related genes. HM treatment appears to induce early activation of jasmonate/ethylene and late activation of salicylic acid (SA) pathways. Analysis using signaling mutants revealed that HM required SA accumulation and SA signaling to facilitate resistance to the bacterial pathogen  Pseudomonas syringae  pv.  maculicola  and the fungal pathogen  Colletotrichum higginsianum . In addition, HM-induced resistance conferred chitin-independent disease resistance to bacterial pathogens in  A. thaliana . These results suggest that HM contains multiple microbe-associated molecular patterns that activate defense responses in plants. These findings suggest that the application of HM is a useful tool that may facilitate new disease control methods.

Yeast Cell Wall Extract Induces Disease Resistance against Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens in Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica Crop