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Production of branched α-glucan, glycogen-like polymers is widely spread in the Bacteria domain. The glycogen pathway of synthesis and degradation has been fairly well characterized in the model enterobacterial species  Escherichia coli  (order  Enterobacteriales , class  Gammaproteobacteria ), in which the cognate genes (branching enzyme  glgB , debranching enzyme  glgX , ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase  glgC , glycogen synthase  glgA , and glycogen phosphorylase  glgP ) are clustered in a  glgBXCAP  operon arrangement. However, the evolutionary origin of this particular arrangement and of its constituent genes is unknown. Here, by using 265 complete gammaproteobacterial genomes we have carried out a comparative analysis of the presence, copy number and arrangement of  glg  genes in all lineages of the  Gammaproteobacteria . These analyses revealed large variations in  glg  gene presence, copy number and arrangements among different gammaproteobacterial lineages. However, the  glgBXCAP  arrangement was remarkably conserved in all  glg -possessing species of the orders  Enterobacteriales  and  Pasteurellales  (the E/P group). Subsequent phylogenetic analyses of  glg  genes present in the  Gammaproteobacteria  and in other main bacterial groups indicated that  glg  genes have undergone a complex evolutionary history in which horizontal gene transfer may have played an important role. These analyses also revealed that the E/P  glgBXCAP  genes (a) share a common evolutionary origin, (b) were vertically transmitted within the E/P group, and (c) are closely related to  glg  genes of some phylogenetically distant betaproteobacterial species. The overall data allowed tracing the origin of the  E. coli glgBXCAP  operon to the last common ancestor of the E/P group, and also to uncover a likely  glgBXCAP  transfer event from the E/P group to particular lineages of the  Betaproteobacteria .

plos one

Comparative Genomic and Phylogenetic Analyses of Gammaproteobacterial glg Genes Traced the Origin of the Escherichia coli Glycogen glgBXCAP Operon to the Last Common Ancestor of the Sister Orders Enterobacteriales and Pasteurellales