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Background  Contributors to fatal outcomes in TB/HIV co-infected patients actively undergoing TB treatment are poorly characterized. The aim was to assess factors associated with death in TB/HIV co-infected patients during the initial 6 months of TB treatment.    Methods  We conducted a hospital-based retrospective cohort study from January 2006 to December 2013 at the Yaoundé Central Hospital, Cameroon. We reviewed medical records to identify hospitalized co-infected TB/HIV patients aged 15 years and older. Death was defined as any death occurring during TB treatment, as per the World Health Organization's recommendations. We conducted logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with a fatal outcome. Magnitudes of associations were expressed by adjusted odds ratio (a OR ) with 95% confidence interval.    Results  The 337 patients enrolled had a mean age of 39.3 (standard deviation 10.3) years and 54.3% were female. TB treatment outcomes were distributed as follows: 205 (60.8%) treatment success, 99 (29.4%) deaths, 18 (5.3%) not evaluated, 14 (4.2%) lost to follow-up, and 1 (0.3%) failed. After exclusion of patients lost to follow-up and not evaluated, death in TB/HIV co-infected patients during TB treatment was associated with a TB diagnosis made before 2010 (a OR  = 2.50 [1.31–4.78];  p  = 0.006), the presence of other AIDS-defining diseases (a OR  = 2.73 [1.27–5.86];  p  = 0.010), non-AIDS comorbidities (a OR  = 3.35 [1.37–8.21];  p  = 0.008), not receiving cotrimoxazole prophylaxis (a OR  = 3.61 [1.71–7.63];  p  = 0.001), not receiving antiretroviral therapy (a OR  = 2.45 [1.18–5.08];  p  = 0.016), and CD4 cells count <50 cells/mm 3  (a OR  = 16.43 [1.05–258.04];  p  = 0.047).    Conclusions  The TB treatment success rate among TB/HIV co-infected patients in our setting is low. Mortality was high among TB/HIV co-infected patients during TB treatment and is strongly associated with clinical and biological factors, highlighting the urgent need for specific interventions focused on enhancing patient outcomes.

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Factors Associated with Death during Tuberculosis Treatment of Patients Co-Infected with HIV at the Yaoundé Central Hospital, Cameroon: An 8-Year Hospital-Based Retrospective Cohort Study (2006–2013)