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FlcA is a response regulator controlling flocculation and the morphological transformation of  Azospirillum  cells from vegetative to cyst-like forms. To understand the cellular responses of  Azospirillum  to conditions that cause morphological transformation, proteins differentially expressed under flocculation conditions in  A. brasilense  Sp7 and its  flcA  knockout mutant were investigated. Comparison of 2-DE protein profiles of wild-type (Sp7) and a  flcA  deletion mutant (Sp7-flcAΔ) revealed a total of 33 differentially expressed 2-DE gel spots, with 22 of these spots confidently separated to allow protein identification. Analysis of these spots by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and MASCOT database searching identified 48 proteins (≥10% emPAI in each spot). The functional characteristics of these proteins included carbon metabolism (beta-ketothiolase and citrate synthase), nitrogen metabolism (Glutamine synthetase and nitric oxide synthase), stress tolerance (superoxide dismutase, Alkyl hydroperoxidase and ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit) and morphological transformation (transducer coupling protein). The observed differences between Sp7 wild-type and  flcA   −  strains enhance our understanding of the morphological transformation process and help to explain previous phenotypical observations. This work is a step forward in connecting the  Azospirillum  phenome and genome.

Cellular Responses during Morphological Transformation in Azospirillum brasilense and Its flcA Knockout Mutant