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Objectives  Venlafaxine (VLX), a serotonine-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, is one of the most commonly used antidepressant drugs in clinical practice for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Despite being more potent than its predecessors, similarly to them, the therapeutical effect of VLX is visible only 3–4 weeks after the beginning of treatment. Furthermore, recent papers show that antidepressants, including also VLX, enhance the motor recovery after stroke even in non depressed persons. In the present, transcriptomic-based study we looked for changes in gene expressions after a long-term VLX administration.    Methods  Osmotic minipumps were implanted subcutaneously into Dark Agouti rats providing a continuous (40 mg/kg/day) VLX delivery for three weeks. Frontal regions of the cerebral cortex were isolated and analyzed using Illumina bead arrays to detect genes showing significant chances in expression. Gene set enrichment analysis was performed to identify specific regulatory networks significantly affected by long term VLX treatment.    Results  Chronic VLX administration may have an effect on neurotransmitter release via the regulation of genes involved in vesicular exocytosis and receptor endocytosis (such as  Kif  proteins,  Myo5a, Sv2b, Syn2  or  Synj2 ). Simultaneously, VLX activated the expression of genes involved in neurotrophic signaling ( Ntrk2, Ntrk3 ), glutamatergic transmission ( Gria3, Grin2b  and  Grin2a ), neuroplasticity ( Camk2g/b, Cd47 ), synaptogenesis ( Epha5a, Gad2 ) and cognitive processes ( Clstn2 ). Interestingly, VLX increased the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial antioxidant activity ( Bcl2  and  Prdx1 ). Additionally, VLX administration also modulated genes related to insulin signaling pathway ( Negr1, Ppp3r1, Slc2a4  and  Enpp1 ), a mechanism that has recently been linked to neuroprotection, learning and memory.    Conclusions  Our results strongly suggest that chronic VLX treatment improves functional reorganization and brain plasticity by influencing gene expression in regulatory networks of motor cortical areas. These results are consonant with the synaptic (network) hypothesis of depression and antidepressant-induced motor recovery after stroke.

plos one

Transcriptional Evidence for the Role of Chronic Venlafaxine Treatment in Neurotrophic Signaling and Neuroplasticity Including also Glutatmatergic- and Insulin-Mediated Neuronal Processes