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Recent studies have delineated a large Nearctic Müllerian mimicry complex in  Dasymutilla  velvet ants.  Psorthaspis  spider wasps live in areas where this mimicry complex is found and are phenotypically similar to  Dasymutilla . We tested the idea that  Psorthaspis  spider wasps are participating in the  Dasymutilla  mimicry complex and that they codiverged with  Dasymutilla . We performed morphometric analyses and human perception tests, and tabulated distributional records to determine the fit of  Psorthaspis  to the  Dasymutilla  mimicry complex. We inferred a dated phylogeny using nuclear molecular markers (28S, elongation factor 1-alpha, long-wavelength rhodopsin and wingless) for  Psorthaspis  species and compared it to a dated phylogeny of  Dasymutilla.  We tested for codivergence between the two groups using two statistical analyses. Our results show that  Psorthaspis  spider wasps are morphologically similar to the  Dasymutilla  mimicry rings. In addition, our tests indicate that  Psorthaspis  and  Dasymutilla  codiverged to produce similar color patterns. This study expands the breadth of the  Dasymutilla  Müllerian mimicry complex and provides insights about how codivergence influenced the evolution of mimicry in these groups.

Müllerian Mimicry as a Result of Codivergence between Velvet Ants and Spider Wasps