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We utilized an egg staining technique to measure the  in situ  fertilization success of two marine copepod species,  Temora longicornis  and  Eurytemora herdmani  from May to October 2008 in coastal Maine and correlated fertilization success with environmental conditions in their habitat.  T. longicornis  is a free spawning species that releases eggs into the ambient seawater after mating. In contrast,  E. herdmani  carries eggs in an egg sac until they hatch. The proportion of fertilized eggs within  E. herdmani  egg sacs was significantly higher than the freely spawned clutches of  T. longicornis.  This may be a result of the asymmetrical costs associated with carrying vs. spawning unfertilized eggs.  T. longicornis  frequently laid both fertilized and unfertilized eggs within their clutch.  T. longicornis  fertilization was negatively associated with chlorophyll concentration and positively associated with population density in their local habitat. The fertilization status of  E. herdmani  egg sacs was high throughout the season, but the proportion of ovigerous females was negatively associated with an interaction between predators and the proportion of females in the population. This study emphasizes that, in addition to population level processes, community and ecosystem level processes strongly influence the fertilization success and subsequent productivity of copepods.

plos one

Assessing the In Situ Fertilization Status of Two Marine Copepod Species, Temora longicornis and Eurytemora herdmani; How Common Are Unfertilized Eggs in Nature?