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Exceptionally well-preserved skulls and postcranial elements of a new species of the plesiomorphic stem macropodiform  Balbaroo  have been recovered from middle Miocene freshwater limestone deposits in the Riversleigh World Heritage Area of northwestern Queensland, Australia. This constitutes the richest intraspecific sample for any currently known basal “kangaroo”, and, along with additional material referred to  Balbaroo fangaroo , provides new insights into structural variability within the most prolific archaic macropodiform clade – Balbaridae. Qualitative and metric evaluations of taxonomic boundaries demonstrate that the previously distinct species  Nambaroo bullockensis  is a junior synonym of  B. camfieldensis . Furthermore, coupled Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses reveal that our new  Balbaroo  remains represent the most derived member of the  Balbaroo  lineage, and are closely related to the middle Miocene  B. camfieldensis , which like most named balbarid species is identifiable only from isolated jaws. The postcranial elements of  Balbaroo  concur with earlier finds of the stratigraphically oldest balbarid skeleton,  Nambaroo gillespieae , and suggest that quadrupedal progression was a primary gait mode as opposed to bipedal saltation. All  Balbaroo  spp. have low-crowned bilophodont molars, which are typical for browsing herbivores inhabiting the densely forested environments envisaged for middle Miocene northeastern Australia.

A New Species of the Basal “Kangaroo” Balbaroo and a Re-Evaluation of Stem Macropodiform Interrelationships