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Many species and clones of  Daphnia  inhabit ecosystems with permanent algal blooms, and they can develop tolerance to cyanobacterial toxins. In the current study, we examined the spatial differences in the response of  Daphnia longispina  to the toxic  Microcystis aeruginosa  in a lowland eutrophic dam reservoir between June (before blooms) and September (during blooms). The reservoir showed a distinct spatial pattern in cyanobacteria abundance resulting from the wind direction: the station closest to the dam was characterised by persistently high  Microcystis  biomass, whereas the upstream stations had a significantly lower biomass of  Microcystis . Microcystin concentrations were closely correlated with the cyanobacteria abundance (r = 0.93). The density of daphniids did not differ among the stations. The main objective of this study was to investigate how the distribution of toxic  Microcystis  blooms affects the antioxidant system of  Daphnia . We examined catalase (CAT) activity, the level of the low molecular weight antioxidant glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and oxidative stress parameters, such as lipid peroxidation (LPO). We found that the higher the abundance (and toxicity) of the cyanobacteria, the lower the values of the antioxidant parameters. The CAT activity and LPO level were always significantly lower at the station with the highest  M. aeruginosa  biomass, which indicated the low oxidative stress of  D. longispina  at the site with the potentially high toxic thread. However, the low concentration of GSH and the highest activity of GST indicated the occurrence of detoxification processes at this site. These results demonstrate that daphniids that have coexisted with a high biomass of toxic cyanobacteria have effective mechanisms that protect them against the toxic effects of microcystins. We also conclude that  Daphnia 's resistance capacity to  Microcystis  toxins may differ within an ecosystem, depending on the bloom's spatial distribution.

Response of Daphnia's Antioxidant System to Spatial Heterogeneity in Cyanobacteria Concentrations in a Lowland Reservoir