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Natural killer (NK) cells play a role in the clearance of viral infections. Combinations of alleles at the polymorphic  HLA-B  locus and the NK cell surface killer immunoglobulin-like receptor locus  KIR3DL1/S1  have been shown to influence time to AIDS in HIV-infected individuals and risk of seroconversion in HIV exposed seronegative (HESN) subjects. Here, we assessed time to seroconversion or duration of seronegative status in a group of 168 HIV exposed individuals, including 74 seroconverters and 94 HESN based on carriage or not of  KIR3DL1/S1/HLA-B  genotypes previously shown to be associated with protection from infection and/or slow time to AIDS.  KIR3DL1/S1  genotyping was performed by sequence-specific primer polymerase chain reaction using two pairs of specific primers for each locus. The MHC class IB locus was typed to four-position resolution to resolve  Bw4  and  Bw6  alleles and the amino acid present at position 80.  KIR3DL1/S1  heterozygotes became HIV infected significantly faster than  KIR3DS1  homozygotes. Individuals who carried both  KIR3DS1  and  Bw4*80I  did not remain HIV seronegative longer than those from a control group who were homozygous for  HLA-Bw6  and carried no  HLA-A  locus  Bw4  alleles Subjects who were  *h/*y+B*57  showed a trend towards slower time to serconversion than those with other  KIR3DL1  homozygous and  KIR3DL1/S1  heterozygous genotypes. Thus,  KIR3DS1  homozygosity is associated with protection from HIV infection while co-carriage of  KIR3DS1  and  Bw4*80I  is not. The requirements for protection from HIV infection can differ from those that influence time to AIDS in HIV infected individuals.

Time to Seroconversion in HIV-Exposed Subjects Carrying Protective versus Non Protective KIR3DS1/L1 and HLA-B Genotypes